Table 1. Percent mortality of western flower thrips exposed for 2 h to acetaldehyde at 24ºC in air or 20% CO2 in the presence of strawberry fruit (load factor by weight 13%).
|
Acetaldehyde (%) |
Air |
20 % CO2 |
|
0 |
8.2 a |
9.9 a |
|
1 |
57.6 b |
75.8 b |
|
2 |
89.1 c |
89.5 bc |
|
3 |
95.1 c |
98.1 c |
|
4 |
98.1 c |
96.2 bc |
Means followed by different letters within each column are significantly different at the 5% level
Table 2. Percent mortality of western flower thrips exposed to acetaldehyde for 1 h at 24ºC in various concentrations of CO2.
|
|
Carbon Dioxide (%)
|
||||
|
Acetaldehyde (%) |
0.03 |
5
|
10
|
20 |
40 |
|
0.0 |
15.9bc |
11.2c
|
27.7a
|
22.9ab |
16.1bc |
|
0.5 |
65.1b |
83.4a
|
77.1ab
|
45.4c |
33.2c |
|
1.0 |
97.4a |
98.4a
|
90.9a
|
94.4a |
82.6a |
Means followed by different letters within each column are significantly different at the 5% level
Table 3. Percent mortality of second instar western flower thrips and two-spotted spider mites (mixed stages) exposed to single and multiple injections of acetaldehyde (load factor by weight 12%).
|
Acetaldehyde (%) |
Western flower thrips |
Two-spotted spider mites |
|
0 |
5.1a
|
10.6a
|
|
1 |
12.3b
|
14.6a
|
|
2 |
89.0c
|
39.9b
|
|
3 |
93.8cde
|
73.6d
|
|
4 |
95.1cde
|
93.3e
|
|
1-1-1y
|
92.2cd
|
51.5bc
|
|
2-2y
|
99.1e
|
59.7cd
|
|
1-1-1-1y
|
96.4de
|
61.7cd
|
Means within columns followed by different letters
are significantly different at the 5% level
yseries of numbers refers to multiple injections; 2-2 refers to exposure
to 2% Aa for 1 h, jar opened for 1 h, then repeated exposure to 2% Aa for 1
h
Table 4. Effects of acetaldehyde concentration, treatment atmosphere, storage temperature and storage time after treatment on strawberry fruit quality.
|
|
Calyx Damagez
|
Berry Damagez
|
Firmness
(N) |
Soluble Solids
(ºBrix) |
Internal Color
(H) |
External Color
(H) |
|
Acetaldehyde Concentration (%)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Initial
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
1.8 ax
|
1.1 a
|
291 a
|
8.2 a
|
43.9 a
|
31.4 a
|
|
1
|
1.6 b
|
1.2 a
|
283 a
|
8.1 a
|
44.1 a
|
32.2 a
|
|
2
|
1.7 ab
|
1.2 a
|
281 a
|
8.0 a
|
43.8 a
|
32.2 a
|
|
3
|
2.7 c
|
1.2 a
|
283 a
|
7.9 a
|
44.0 a
|
32.5 a
|
|
4
|
3.3 d
|
1.2 a
|
278 a
|
8.0 a
|
43.5 a
|
31.3 a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0°C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
1.6 a
|
1.4 a
|
308 a
|
8.3 a
|
44.7 a
|
31.9 a
|
|
1
|
1.6 a
|
1.4 a
|
307 a
|
8.4 a
|
44.7 a
|
31.9 a
|
|
2
|
1.9 a
|
1.5 a
|
306 a
|
8.3 a
|
44.6 a
|
32.0 a
|
|
3
|
2.7 b
|
1.5 a
|
295 a
|
8.4 a
|
44.6 a
|
31.5 a
|
|
4
|
3.5 c
|
1.4 a
|
303 a
|
8.3 a
|
44.5 a
|
31.5 a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20°C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
1.8 a
|
2.1 a
|
318 a
|
8.4 a
|
43.5 a
|
30.7 a
|
|
1
|
1.7 a
|
2.0 a
|
319 a
|
8.3 a
|
43.7 a
|
30.8 a
|
|
2
|
2.0 a
|
1.9 a
|
333 a
|
8.3 a
|
43.5 a
|
30.7 a
|
|
3
|
2.9 b
|
2.0 a
|
326 a
|
8.3 a
|
43.4 a
|
30.7 a
|
|
4
|
3.6 b
|
2.0 a
|
333 a
|
8.2 a
|
43.5 a
|
30.6 a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Treatment Atmosphere
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Initial
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Air
|
2.4 a
|
1.2 a
|
281 a
|
8.0 a
|
43.7 a
|
32.0 a
|
|
CO2
|
2.1 b
|
1.1 a
|
286 a
|
8.1 a
|
44.0 a
|
31.8 a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0°C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Air
|
2.3 a
|
1.4 a
|
298 a
|
8.3 a
|
44.5 a
|
31.6 a
|
|
CO2
|
2.2 a
|
1.5 a
|
310 a
|
8.4 a
|
44.7 a
|
32.0 a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20°C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Air
|
2.5 a
|
2.0 a
|
313 a
|
8.3 a
|
43.5 a
|
30.5 a
|
|
CO2
|
2.4 a
|
2.0 a
|
339 a
|
8.3 a
|
43.5 a
|
30.8 a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Storage Time (Days)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0°C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
2.3 a
|
1.3 a
|
290 a
|
8.2 a
|
45.1 a
|
32.3 a
|
|
2
|
2.2 a
|
1.4 a
|
305 a
|
8.4 b
|
44.6 b
|
32.0 a
|
|
3
|
2.2 a
|
1.5 b
|
310 a
|
8.3 a
|
44.4 b
|
31.5 a
|
|
4
|
2.4 b
|
1.6 b
|
310 a
|
8.4 b
|
44.4 b
|
31.6 a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20°C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
2.4 a
|
1.6 a
|
312 a
|
8.3 a
|
44.2 a
|
31.4 a
|
|
2
|
2.5 a
|
2.3 b
|
342 a
|
8.2 a
|
42.8 b
|
30.0 b
|
xMeans followed
by a different letter within a group are significantly different at the 5% level
zdamage score: 1= none, 2= slight, 3= moderate, 4= severe
Table 5. Effects of acetaldehyde concentration, treatment atmosphere, storage temperature and storage time on volatile content (µmol mol-1) of strawberry fruit.
|
Acetaldehyde
|
Methanol
|
Acetone
|
Ethanol
|
Ethyl Acetate
|
|
|
Acetaldehyde Concentration (%)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Initial
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
1.5 ax
|
5.0 a
|
6.7 a
|
23.3 a
|
5.4 a
|
|
1
|
3.7 a
|
7.3 a
|
5.3 b
|
122.8 b
|
31.0 b
|
|
2
|
7.7 a
|
6.6 a
|
4.3 c
|
224.3 c
|
41.2 c
|
|
3
|
9.4 a
|
5.8 a
|
7.2 c
|
322.8 d
|
52.3 d
|
|
4
|
30.6 b
|
7.0 a
|
3.8 c
|
434.9 e
|
49.7 d
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0°C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
0.9 a
|
5.6 a
|
4.3 a
|
8.8 a
|
5.9 a
|
|
1
|
3.3 b
|
7.0 a
|
3.5 b
|
32.1 b
|
49.6 b
|
|
2
|
4.8 c
|
7.1 a
|
3.2 bc
|
71.7 c
|
80.7 c
|
|
3
|
6.5 d
|
6.0 a
|
2.8 c
|
120.7 d
|
115.1 d
|
|
4
|
9.4 e
|
10.4 b
|
2.8 c
|
191.8 e
|
137.1 e
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20°C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
1.6 a
|
35.4 a
|
9.5 a
|
22.1 a
|
3.3 a
|
|
1
|
1.5 a
|
20.5 b
|
7.6 b
|
24.7 a
|
14.5 b
|
|
2
|
2.1 a
|
14.1 c
|
6.2 c
|
31.3 a
|
31.8 c
|
|
3
|
3.1 b
|
13.0 c
|
5.5 c
|
45.5 b
|
49.3 d
|
|
4
|
4.0 c
|
14.1 c
|
4.2 d
|
63.5 c
|
71.1 e
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Treatment Atmosphere
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Initial
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Air
|
4.9 a
|
7.0 a
|
4.5 a
|
178.6 a
|
37.8 a
|
|
CO2
|
14.8 b
|
5.8 a
|
5.2 b
|
253.1 b
|
33.1 a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0°C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Air
|
4.2 a
|
7.5 a
|
3.6 a
|
73.3 a
|
74.6 a
|
|
CO2
|
5.6 b
|
7.0 a
|
2.9 a
|
103.1 b
|
83.7 a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Air
|
2.0 a
|
21.7 a
|
6.6 a
|
32.1 a
|
28.8 a
|
|
CO2
|
2.8 a
|
17.3 b
|
6.5 a
|
43.4 a
|
38.5 a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Storage Time (Days)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0°C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
5.3 a
|
10.7 a
|
4.3 a
|
153.1 a
|
93.7 a
|
|
2
|
4.9 ab
|
6.2 b
|
3.6 b
|
89.1 b
|
84.2 b
|
|
3
|
4.5 b
|
3.4 b
|
3.1 b
|
62.1 c
|
80.3 b
|
|
4
|
4.6 b
|
5.6 b
|
2.2 c
|
46.7 d
|
58.1 c
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20°C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
3.5 a
|
10.8 a
|
4.8 a
|
50.8 a
|
55.2 a
|
|
2
|
1.6 b
|
26.0 b
|
8.0 b
|
24.3 b
|
17.3 b
|
xMeans followed by a different letter within a group are significantly different at the 5% level
Table 6. Strawberry fruit after 5 days of storage at 0ºC (57% RH). Fruit were exposed to single and multiple injections of acetaldehyde (load factor by weight 12%).
|
Acetaldehyde (%) |
Calyx Damagez |
|
0 |
1.5 a
|
|
1-1-1y |
1.8 a
|
|
1-1-1-1 |
2.1 b
|
|
2-2 |
2.4 c
|
|
3 |
3.2 d
|
|
4
|
3.9 e
|
Means followed by different letters are significantly
different at the 5% level
yseries of numbers refers to multiple injections; 2-2 refers to exposure
to 2% Aa for 1 h, jar opened for 1 h, then exposure to 2% Aa for 1 h
zdamage score: 1= none, 2= slight, 3= moderate, 4= severe
Figure 1: Acetaldehyde concentration in the jar headspace during exposure of strawberry fruit to 1, 2, 3, or 4% acetaldehyde for 2 h at 24ºC (load factor 12% by weight).
Figure 2: Calyx damage for fruit treated with 0, 1, 3, or 4% acetaldehyde for 2 h. fruit were evaluated 1 h after exposure. Damage scale 1, none; 2, slight; 3, moderate; and 4, servere.
Figure 3: Volatiles detected in strawberry fruit after acetaldehyde exposure and storage at 20ºC for 0 (1 h), 1 or 2 days.
Figure 4: Volatiles detected in strawberry fruit after acetaldehyde exposure and storage at 20ºC for 0 (1 h), 1 or 2 days.
